DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECOLOGICAL-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2025-0099Keywords:
ustainable development; Structural Equation Modeling, Karaganda, Kyzylorda, ecological–economic systems, social equityAbstract
This article develops an ecological–economic assessment framework
to analyze sustainability trade-offs in regional development in Ka-
zakhstan, focusing on Karaganda and Kyzylorda during 2010–2023.
Karaganda, the country’s industrial hub, contributes substantially to
GDP but suffers from high CO2 emissions and industrial pollution that
negatively affect human development. Kyzylorda, with an agriculture-
and energy-based economy, has lower carbon emissions but faces se-
vere water scarcity, soil salinization, and land degradation that threaten
food security and demographic stability. The study applies Structural
Equation Modeling (SEM) to integrate economic, environmental, and
social indicators, using official datasets from the Kazakhstan Bureau
of National Statistics, regional environmental reports, and interna-
tionally recognized sources. Results demonstrate that in Karaganda,
GDP growth and industrial output are strongly correlated with CO2
emissions, which significantly reduce the Human Development Index
(HDI). In Kyzylorda, irrigation inefficiencies and resource extraction
accelerate land degradation, negatively affecting population growth and
fueling rural out-migration from ecologically stressed areas. The find-
ings underscore that sustainability challenges require region-specific
but complementary policy responses. For Karaganda, priorities include
a gradual shift to clean energy, stricter emission controls, and diver-
sification into circular and digital economies. For Kyzylorda, urgent
measures are water conservation, irrigation reform, and sustainable ag-
ricultural practices to restore ecological balance and protect rural liveli-
hoods. By aligning its framework with Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) 8, 11, and 13, this study contributes to international debates
on sustainable pathways for resource-dependent economies and pro-
vides actionable insights for policymakers seeking to balance economic
growth, environmental protection, and social equity.
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