Retraction policy

Retracting an article is necessary in cases where there are legal constraints imposed by the publisher, copyright holder, or author(s), as well as violations of professional ethical codes such as multiple submissions, false authorship claims, plagiarism, fraudulent data use, or any significant misconduct.

In certain instances, a retraction may be utilized to rectify multiple serious errors that cannot be adequately addressed through publishing corrections. The decision to retract an article can be made collaboratively by the Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Board, and the author(s).

The retraction is presented as a distinct item in the journal's contents, clearly labeled as "Retraction." The original article remains unchanged, except for the addition of a watermark on each page of the PDF indicating that it has been "retracted."